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In particular we aim to describe late L2 discourse use of these adverbs. We pose the question whether an order of acquisition can be inferred from our data. We will illustrate the development of syntactic placement and discourse functions at different levels of acquisition. A number of adverbs that can appear in multiple positions change their meaning or function following their position in the sentence ( cf. With the exception of seulement they are also frequent adverbs in native speech production (Bilger, 2004 Chanet, 2004 Hancock, 2007 Sanell, 2007).Ģ The analysis focuses on the relation between the use of the adverbs (placement and function) and developmental routes as defined by Bartning and Schlyter (2004, see section 4.2 below), and Klein and Perdue (1997, for basic varieties ). In this way, they seem to correspond to the central communicative needs as enhancement/addition and moderation/restriction vraiment and aussi function as intensifiers, peut-être and seulement as mitigators of linguistic constituents.
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Their use can affect other constituents by modifying the propositional content ( vraiment, peut-être) or including/excluding alternatives to the propositional content ( aussi, seulement). We focus our analysis on four adverbs: vraiment, peut-être, aussi and seulement ( really, perhaps, too/also, only), which are all non-obligatory elements in the utterance structure. Haut de pageġ This study investigates the acquisition and use of adverbs in the spontaneous speech by Swedish learners of L2 French. As a result of the study, we propose an order of acquisition of the four adverbs. One hypothesis generated by the study is that frequency patterns of the target language could be acquired earlier than positional patterns. The study is to our knowledge one of the first to cover learner production from beginners to very advanced and “near-native” speakers.
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We expected that the number of functions of the adverbs would increase with the stages and we focus on the very advanced levels (stages 5-6). Klein, Perdue 1997 Benazzo 2000, 2005) with earlier observations from corpus studies concerning the positions and the semantics of the adverbs (Schlyter, 1977 Chanet, 2004 Bilger, 2004). We combine a functional framework for acquisition (cf. Each adverb is characterized with respect to these two parameters across six developmental stages (Bartning, Schlyter, 2004) and a “near-native” learner variety. The study concentrates on the positions and discourse functions of the adverbs in a developmental perspective. They also appear at early stages of acquisition. Although these four adverbs are non-obligatory elements in the utterance, they seem to have two fundamental modifying functions, namely enhancement ( aussi and vraiment ) and mitigation ( peut-être and seulement ). Marie et Laurent se sont téléphoné.This empirical study of a learner corpus of 40 interviews, investigates the acquisition of the four adverbs aussi, peut-être, seulement and vraiment ( also, mayby, only and really ). It is used in the sense of “each other” for these verbs. This is because the reflexive pronoun is an indirect object. The participe passé does not agree with the subject of the follwing verbs: se téléphoner, se parler, se mentir, se plaire (complaire/déplaire), se sourire, se rire, se nuire, se succéder, se suffire, se ressembler, s’en vouloir. This is because compte acts as a direct object. When using the verb se rendre compte, the participe passé does also not agree with the subject. The subject (elle) and the direct object (s’= reflexive pronoun) are the same person, so the participle agrees with the subject.īut the participe passé does not agree with the subject if the verb is followed by a direct object which is different from the subject. → Il les a rang ées.ģ) The participe passé of reflexive verbs generally agrees with the subject. If a pronoun is being used as a direct object, the pronoun comes before the verb, and the participe passé agrees in gender and number with this object. For some verbs, we need to make the participe passé agree in gender and number with either the subject or the object of the sentence.ġ) For verbs that are constructed using être, the participle agrees in gender and number with the subject.Ģ) For verbs that are constructed using avoir, the participle agrees in gender and number with a direct object coming before the verb otherwise it is invariable.